-
1 fellow subject
Общая лексика: соотечественник, подданный того же государства -
2 fellow subject
-
3 fellow-subject
nспіввітчизник; підданий тієї ж держави -
4 fellow-subject
n співвітчизник; підданий тієї ж держави -
5 fellow-subject
nсоотечественник, подданный того же государства -
6 fellow-subject
s.el que vive bajo el mismo gobierno que otro. -
7 fellow
1. [ʹfeləʋ] n1. разг.1) человек, парень, малыйa fellow - кто-то, любой человек (в т. ч. говорящий)
why can't you let a fellow alone! - оставьте меня в покое!
jolly fellow - весёлый малый, весельчак; компанейский парень
little fellow - малыш, ребёнок
old fellow - старик, старина, дружище
my good fellow - любезный, дорогой мой (обыкн. с оттенком протеста или неодобрения)
2) презр. типthat captain fellow who is always with her - этот капитанишка, который крутится около неё
there is a fellow downstairs who would like to speak to you - какая-то личность внизу хочет поговорить с вами
2. товарищ, собратfellows in arms - соратники, товарищи по оружию
a fellow in crime - арх. соучастник преступления
3. 1) аспирант; стипендиат, занимающийся исследовательской работой2) младший научный сотрудник колледжа или университета ( в Великобритании)4. (обыкн. Fellow) член совета колледжа, университета5. (Fellow) действительный член научного общества6. 1) парная вещь, парный предмет, параI've found one shoe, but its fellow is missing - я нашёл один ботинок, а другой куда-то пропал
2) кто-л. равный (по положению, званию, способностям и т. п.)in his art he has no fellow - в своём искусстве он не имеет себе равных; ему нет равных по мастерству
7. амер. разг. «молодой человек» (о возлюбленном, женихе); поклонник2. [ʹfeləʋ] a♢
stone dead hath no fellow - посл. ≅ мёртвый не расскажет /не выдаст/принадлежащий к той же группе ( людей)fellow boarders - питающиеся совместно (в пансионе и т. п.)
fellow soldier - товарищ по оружию, однополчанин, боевой товарищ; соратник
fellow subject - соотечественник, подданный того же государства
3. [ʹfeləʋ] vfellow servants - юр. лица, работающие по найму у одного работодателя
1. редк. найти, подобрать пару2. обращаться дружески, фамильярно (к кому-л.)don't ❝fellow❞ me - не говорите со мной так фамильярно
-
8 fellow
1. n разг. человек, парень, малыйa fellow — кто-то, любой человек
jolly fellow — весёлый малый, весельчак; компанейский парень
little fellow — малыш, ребёнок
old fellow — старик, старина, дружище
2. n разг. презр. типthat captain fellow who is always with her — этот капитанишка, который крутится около неё
3. n разг. товарищ, собрат4. n разг. аспирант; стипендиат, занимающийся исследовательской работой5. n разг. младший научный сотрудник колледжа или университета6. n разг. член совета колледжа, университета7. n разг. действительный член научного общества8. n разг. парная вещь, парный предмет, параin his art he has no fellow — в своём искусстве он не имеет себе равных; ему нет равных по мастерству
9. n разг. амер. разг. «молодой человек»; поклонникfellow creature — ближний, человек
low fellow — невоспитанный человек, хам
lucky fellow — счастливый человек, счастливец
10. a принадлежащий к той же группеfellow soldier — товарищ по оружию, однополчанин, боевой товарищ; соратник
fellow subject — соотечественник, подданный того же государства
fellow sponsor — кум; кума
you jammy fellow! — вот как тебе повезло!, ты счастливчик!
11. v редк. найти, подобрать пару12. v обращаться дружески, фамильярноСинонимический ряд:1. colleague (adj.) associate; colleague; contemporary; equal; friend; member; peer2. accompaniment (noun) accompaniment; concomitant; consort3. associate (noun) affiliate; ally; associate; confederate; member; peer4. companion (noun) companion; comrade; friend5. equal (noun) coequal; colleague; equal; equivalent; peer6. graduate student (noun) academician; assistant; associate professor; graduate; graduate student; licentiate; pensioner; scholar7. guy (noun) adolescent; apprentice; boy; chap; guy; human being; juvenile; person; young man; youth8. man (noun) buck; cuss; galoot; gent; gentleman; he; man; skate; snap9. mate (noun) coordinate; double; duplicate; match; mate; riciprocal; twin10. partner (noun) cohort; confrere; consociate; copartner; partnerАнтонимический ряд:enemy; outsider; woman -
9 fellow
товариш, співбрат; партнер, колега- fellow citizen
- fellow countryman
- fellow-criminal
- fellow-heir
- fellow inmate
- fellow inventor
- fellow-owner
- fellow partner
- fellow party
- fellow police officer
- fellow prisoner
- fellow subject
- fellow subsidiary
- fellow-swear -
10 fellow
ˈfeləu
1. сущ.
1) приятель, товарищ, коллега, собрат fellow citizen ≈ согражданин fellow creature ≈ ближний fellow soldier ≈ товарищ по оружию Syn: associate
1., comrade
2) а) кто-л. равный по званию, положению и т. п.;
что-л. равное по характеру, значимости и т. п. His march must have been the fellow of the great march which carried Harold from London to Stamfordbridge. ≈ Его успех был сродни тому успеху, который привел Гарольда из Лондона в Стамфордбридж. Syn: peer I
1. б) редк. напарник, супруг или супруга и т. п. (один из членов пары) в) парная вещь, парный предмет While one leg was convulsed, its fellow remained quiet. ≈ В то время, как одну ногу охватили судороги, вторая оставалась спокойной. Syn: mate II
1.
3) (обыкн. Fellow) член какого-л. общества, особ. член зарегистрированного научного или литературного общества the fellows of the Zoological Society of London ≈ члены Зоологического общества Лондона
4) (обыкн. Fellow) член совета колледжа;
стипендиат, занимающийся исследовательской работой university fellow ≈ амер. стипендиат-исследователь
5) разг. а) человек, парень honest fellow ≈ честный малый nice fellow, regular fellow ≈ славный малый young fellow ≈ молодой человек old fellow ≈ старина, дружище poor fellow ≈ бедняга Syn: chap I б) презр. тип в) амер. поклонник, ухажер, бойфренд Syn: boy-friend, beau
2. прил. принадлежащий к той же группе, имеющий нечто общее fellow workers ≈ сотрудники (одного учреждения) Even in jail, my fellow inmates treated me with kindness. ≈ Даже в тюрьме мои сокамерники относились ко мне хорошо. (разговорное) человек, парень, малый - a * кто-то, любой человек (в т.ч. говорящий) - a * can't work all day long не может же человек работать весь день - why can't you let a * alone! оставьте меня в покое! - good * славный малый - jolly * веселый малый, весельчак;
компанейский парень - little * малыш, ребенок - poor * бедняга - old * старик, старина, дружище - my dear * мой дорогой - my good * любезный, дорогой мой ( обыкн. с оттенком протеста или неодобрения) (презрительное) тип - that captain * who is always with her этот капитанишка, который крутится около нее - tell that * to go away (про) гони этого типа - there is a * downstairs who would like to speak to you какая-то личность внизу хочет поговорить с вами товарищ, собрат - *s at school товарищи по школе - a * in misery товарищ по несчастью - *s in arms соратники, товарищи по оружию - a * in crime( устаревшее) соучастник преступления аспирант;
стипендиат, занимающийся исследовательской работой младший научный сотрудник колледжа или университета (в Великобритании) (обыкн. F.) член совета колледжа, университета (F.) действительный член научного общества - F. of the Royal Society член Королевского (научного) общества (в Великобритании) парная вещь, парный предмет, пара - I've found one shoe, but its * is missing я нашел один ботинок, а другой куда-то пропал кто-л. равный (по положению, званию, способностям и т. п.) - in his art he has no * в своем искусстве он не имеет себе равных;
ему нет равных по мастерству (американизм) (разговорное) "молодой человек" (о возлюбленном, женихе) ;
поклонник > stone dead hath no * (пословица) мертвый не расскажет /не выдаст/ принадлежащий к той же группе (людей) - * boarders питающиеся совместно( в пансионе и т. п.) - * captive товарищ по плену - * citizen согражданин - * delegate член той же (самой) делегации - * employee товарищ по работе - * student товарищ по занятиям - * pupil соученик - * workers сотрудники (одного учреждения) - * sufferers больные одной болезнью - * soldier товарищ по оружию, однополчанин, боевой товарищ;
соратник - * subject соотечественник, подданный того же государства - I met a * lion hunter я встретил еще одного охотника на львов - * servants (юридическое) лица, работающие по найму у одного работодателя (редкое) найти, подобрать пару обращаться дружески, фамильярно( к кому-л.) - don't "fellow" me не говорите со мной так фамильярно ~ attr.: ~ citizen согражданин;
fellow creature ближний;
fellow soldier товарищ по оружию ~ attr.: ~ citizen согражданин;
fellow creature ближний;
fellow soldier товарищ по оружию ~ товарищ, собрат;
a fellow in misery товарищ по несчастью;
fellows in arms товарищи по оружию ~ attr.: ~ citizen согражданин;
fellow creature ближний;
fellow soldier товарищ по оружию ~ товарищ, собрат;
a fellow in misery товарищ по несчастью;
fellows in arms товарищи по оружию ~ разг. человек;
парень;
a good fellow славный малый;
my dear fellow дорогой мой;
old fellow старина, дружище ~ парная вещь;
пара;
I shall never find his fellow я никогда не найду равного ему ~ разг. человек;
парень;
a good fellow славный малый;
my dear fellow дорогой мой;
old fellow старина, дружище ~ разг. человек;
парень;
a good fellow славный малый;
my dear fellow дорогой мой;
old fellow старина, дружище -
11 subject
I ['sʌbdʒɪkt]1) (topic) soggetto m., argomento m.to change o drop the subject cambiare argomento, lasciare cadere l'argomento; to raise a subject sollevare una questione; while we're on the subject of... — visto che siamo in tema di
2) (at school, college) materia f.; (for research, study) soggetto m.3) art. fot. soggetto m.4) (focus)5) ling. soggetto m.6) (citizen) suddito m. (-a)II ['sʌbdʒɪkt]1) (subservient) [people, race] asservito, sottomessoto be subject to — essere soggetto a [law, rule]
3) (liable)to be subject to — essere soggetto a [flooding, fits]; essere assoggettabile a [ tax]
4) (dependent)to be subject to — dipendere da [ approval]
"subject to alteration" — "soggetto a variazioni"
III [səb'dʒekt]"subject to availability" — (of flights, tickets) "in base alla disponibilità"; (of goods) "salvo venduto"
1) (expose)to be subjected to — dover sopportare [ noise]; essere oggetto di [ attacks]; essere sottoposto a [ torture]
to subject sth. to heat — esporre qcs. al calore
2) lett. (subjugate) sottomettere [race, country]* * *1. adjective((of countries etc) not independent, but dominated by another power: subject nations.) sottomesso2. noun1) (a person who is under the rule of a monarch or a member of a country that has a monarchy etc: We are loyal subjects of the Queen; He is a British subject.) suddito2) (someone or something that is talked about, written about etc: We discussed the price of food and similar subjects; What was the subject of the debate?; The teacher tried to think of a good subject for their essay; I've said all I can on that subject.) soggetto, argomento3) (a branch of study or learning in school, university etc: He is taking exams in seven subjects; Mathematics is his best subject.) materia4) (a thing, person or circumstance suitable for, or requiring, a particular kind of treatment, reaction etc: I don't think her behaviour is a subject for laughter.) motivo5) (in English, the word(s) representing the person or thing that usually does the action shown by the verb, and with which the verb agrees: The cat sat on the mat; He hit her because she broke his toy; He was hit by the ball.) soggetto3. [səb'‹ekt] verb1) (to bring (a person, country etc) under control: They have subjected all the neighbouring states (to their rule).) assoggettare, sottomettere2) (to cause to suffer, or submit (to something): He was subjected to cruel treatment; These tyres are subjected to various tests before leaving the factory.) sottoporre•- subjective
- subjectively
- subject matter
- change the subject
- subject to* * *subject (1) /ˈsʌbdʒɪkt/a.1 soggetto; assoggettato; sottomesso; sottoposto; esposto: subject nations, nazioni soggette; subject tribes, tribù sottomesse; Even foreigners are subject to the laws of the country, anche gli stranieri sono soggetti alle leggi del paese; I'm subject to tremendous headaches, vado soggetto a tremende emicranie; to be subject to envy, essere esposto all'invidia● subject to, salvo: Subject to correction, these are the facts, salvo errore, i fatti sono questi □ (comm.: di un prodotto) subject to availability, se disponibile; salvo venduto □ ( banca, fin.) subject to collection, salvo incasso; salvo buon fine (abbr. S.B.F.) □ (comm.) subject to sale (o subject to goods being unsold), salvo venduto □ ( di un popolo, ecc.) to be held subject, essere assoggettato; essere tenuto in sudditanza □ (comm.) All prices ( are) subject to alteration, tutti i prezzi sono suscettibili di variazione.♦ subject (2) /ˈsʌbdʒɪkt/n.1 soggetto ( anche gramm.); argomento; oggetto ( di esame, esperimento, ecc.): the subject of the speech [of the book], il soggetto del discorso [del libro]; (gramm.) Every verb has a subject, ogni verbo ha un soggetto; to change the subject, cambiare argomento; to drop the subject (o to let the subject drop) lasciar cadere l'argomento; on the subject of, a proposito di; to get onto a subject, arrivare a un argomento; entrare in un discorso; He's a subject for ridicule, è oggetto di scherno NOTA D'USO: - argument o topic?-2 materia ( di studio); disciplina: compulsory subjects, materie (di studio) obbligatorie; subsidiary subject, materia complementare ( all'università); Chemistry is my favourite subject, la chimica è la mia materia preferita; DIALOGO → - Before an exam- History's my weakest subject, and I'm worried, that's all, la storia è la materia in cui vado peggio e sono preoccupata, questo è tutto; DIALOGO → - School- What subjects did you have at school today?, che materie avevi oggi a scuola?3 suddito; cittadino: rulers and subjects, governanti e sudditi; He is a British subject, è cittadino britannico4 (form.) causa; motivo; occasione: a subject for great sorrow, una causa di grande dolore; I'll give you no subject for complaint, non vi darò motivo di lagnarvi di me5 (bot., zool.) esemplare● subject catalogue, catalogo per soggetto ( in una biblioteca) □ (fisc.) a subject for taxation, un soggetto d'imposta □ subject-heading, voce di indice □ subject matter, argomento; contenuto; oggetto; tema; materia □ (ass.) the subject matter insured, la cosa assicurata □ one's fellow-subjects, i propri concittadini.(to) subject /səbˈdʒɛkt/v. t.1 assoggettare; soggiogare; sottomettere: to subject a nation to one's rule, assoggettare una nazione al proprio potere; soggiogare una nazione2 ( anche tecn.) sottoporre; esporre: Iron must be subjected to a special process to become steel, il ferro deve essere sottoposto a un processo speciale per diventare acciaio; to subject sb. to ill-treatment, sottoporre q. a maltrattamenti3 (med.) predisporre: His weakness subjected him to many diseases, la sua debolezza lo predisponeva a molte malattie● to subject oneself, esporsi; sottomettersi: Don't subject yourself to ridicule [to criticism], non esporti al ridicolo [alle critiche].* * *I ['sʌbdʒɪkt]1) (topic) soggetto m., argomento m.to change o drop the subject cambiare argomento, lasciare cadere l'argomento; to raise a subject sollevare una questione; while we're on the subject of... — visto che siamo in tema di
2) (at school, college) materia f.; (for research, study) soggetto m.3) art. fot. soggetto m.4) (focus)5) ling. soggetto m.6) (citizen) suddito m. (-a)II ['sʌbdʒɪkt]1) (subservient) [people, race] asservito, sottomessoto be subject to — essere soggetto a [law, rule]
3) (liable)to be subject to — essere soggetto a [flooding, fits]; essere assoggettabile a [ tax]
4) (dependent)to be subject to — dipendere da [ approval]
"subject to alteration" — "soggetto a variazioni"
III [səb'dʒekt]"subject to availability" — (of flights, tickets) "in base alla disponibilità"; (of goods) "salvo venduto"
1) (expose)to be subjected to — dover sopportare [ noise]; essere oggetto di [ attacks]; essere sottoposto a [ torture]
to subject sth. to heat — esporre qcs. al calore
2) lett. (subjugate) sottomettere [race, country] -
12 Hosking, William
SUBJECT AREA: Civil engineering[br]b. 1800d. 1861[br]Australian architect and engineer.[br]William Hosking was appointed Professor of'the arts and construction' at King's College, London, in 1840. He was an architect and engineer who moved to England in 1819 after working as a builder in Sydney. He thus represents an unusually early example of the reverse migration of professional talent between Britain and its colonies. He exhibited drawings in London, becoming a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries in 1830 and Fellow of the Royal Institution of British Architects in 1835. He was then caught up, like so many of his contemporaries with engineering ability, in railway building, working on the West London Railway. From 1840 to his death in 1861 he occupied the Chair at King's College, making a pioneering contribution to the development of engineering education in Britain. He published his Theory, Practice and Architecture of Bridges in 1843, and contributed to the design for the British Museum reading room.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFellow of the Society of Antiquaries 1830. FRIBA 1835.Bibliography1843, Theory, Practice and Architecture of Bridges.Further ReadingDictionary of National Biography, London.AB -
13 Reynolds, Osborne
SUBJECT AREA: Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering[br]b. 23 April 1842 Belfast, Irelandd. 1912 Watchet, Somerset, England[br]English engineer and educator.[br]Osborne Reynolds's father, a clergyman and schoolteacher, had been a Fellow of Queens' College, Cambridge; it was to Queens' that the young Reynolds went to study mathematics, graduating as 7th Wrangler in 1867, and going on in his turn to become a Fellow of the College. Reynolds had developed an interest in practical applications of physics and engineering, and for a short time he entered the office of the London civil engineers Lawson and Mansergh. In 1868 he was appointed to the new Chair of Engineering at Owens College, Manchester, and he remained in this post for thirty-seven years, until he retired in 1905. During this period he presided over a department that grew steadily in size and reputation, and undertook prolonged research projects into phenomena such as lubrication, the laws governing the flow of water in pipes, turbulence and other physical features with practical applications. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1877, being nominated Royal Medallist in 1888. In 1883 he became a Member of the Institution of Civil Engineers, and in 1885 he was awarded the Telford Premium of the Institution. He served as Secretary of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society from 1874 to 1883, and was appointed President in 1888–9 and Dalton Medallist in 1903. He was President of Section G of the British Association for the History of Science in 1887, and in 1884 he received the degree of LLD from Glasgow University. Among his many students at Owens College was J.J. (later Sir Joseph) Thomson (1856–1940), who entered the college in 1871. Reynolds's collected scientific papers were published in 1900–3.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS 1877. Institution of Civil Engineers Telford Premium 1885. President, Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society 1888–9. Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, Dalton Medal 1903.Further ReadingDictionary of National Biography Supplement.D.M.McDowell and J.D.Jackson (eds), 1970, Osborne Reynolds and Engineering Science Today, Manchester: Manchester University Press.AB -
14 Strachey, Christopher
SUBJECT AREA: Electronics and information technology[br]b. 16 November 1916 Englandd. 18 May 1975 Oxford, England[br]English physicist and computer engineer who proposed time-sharing as a more efficient means of using a mainframe computer.[br]After education at Gresham's School, London, Strachey went to King's College, Cambridge, where he completed an MA. In 1937 he took up a post as a physicist at the Standard Telephone and Cable Company, then during the Second World War he was involved in radar research. In 1944 he became an assistant master at St Edmunds School, Canterbury, moving to Harrow School in 1948. Another change of career in 1951 saw him working as a Technical Officer with the National Research and Development Corporation, where he was involved in computer software and hardware design. From 1958 until 1962 he was an independent consultant in computer design, and during this time (1959) he realized that as mainframe computers were by then much faster than their human operators, their efficiency could be significantly increased by "time-sharing" the tasks of several operators in rapid succession. Strachey made many contributions to computer technology, being variously involved in the design of the Manchester University MkI, Elliot and Ferranti Pegasus computers. In 1962 he joined Cambridge University Mathematics Laboratory as a senior research fellow at Churchill College and helped to develop the programming language CPL. After a brief period as Visiting Lecturer at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, he returned to the UK in 1966 as Reader in Computation and Fellow of Wolfeon College, Oxford, to establish a programming research group. He remained there until his death.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsDistinguished Fellow of the British Computer Society 1972.Bibliography1961, with M.R.Wilkes, "Some proposals for improving the efficiency of Algol 60", Communications of the ACM 4:488.1966, "Systems analysis and programming", Scientific American 25:112. 1976, with R.E.Milne, A Theory of Programming Language Semantics.Further ReadingJ.Alton, 1980, Catalogue of the Papers of C. Strachey 1916–1975.M.Campbell-Kelly, 1985, "Christopher Strachey 1916–1975. A biographical note", Annals of the History of Computing 7:19.M.R.Williams, 1985, A History of Computing Technology, London: Prentice-Hall.KF -
15 Abel, Sir Frederick August
[br]b. 17 July 1827 Woolwich, London, Englandd. 6 September 1902 Westminster, London, England[br]English chemist, co-inventor of cordite find explosives expert.[br]His family came from Germany and he was the son of a music master. He first became interested in science at the age of 14, when visiting his mineralogist uncle in Hamburg, and studied chemistry at the Royal Polytechnic Institution in London. In 1845 he became one of the twenty-six founding students, under A.W.von Hofmann, of the Royal College of Chemistry. Such was his aptitude for the subject that within two years he became von Hermann's assistant and demonstrator. In 1851 Abel was appointed Lecturer in Chemistry, succeeding Michael Faraday, at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, and it was while there that he wrote his Handbook of Chemistry, which was co-authored by his assistant, Charles Bloxam.Abel's four years at the Royal Military Academy served to foster his interest in explosives, but it was during his thirty-four years, beginning in 1854, as Ordnance Chemist at the Royal Arsenal and at Woolwich that he consolidated and developed his reputation as one of the international leaders in his field. In 1860 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, but it was his studies during the 1870s into the chemical changes that occur during explosions, and which were the subject of numerous papers, that formed the backbone of his work. It was he who established the means of storing gun-cotton without the danger of spontaneous explosion, but he also developed devices (the Abel Open Test and Close Test) for measuring the flashpoint of petroleum. He also became interested in metal alloys, carrying out much useful work on their composition. A further avenue of research occurred in 1881 when he was appointed a member of the Royal Commission set up to investigate safety in mines after the explosion that year in the Sealham Colliery. His resultant study on dangerous dusts did much to further understanding on the use of explosives underground and to improve the safety record of the coal-mining industry. The achievement for which he is most remembered, however, came in 1889, when, in conjunction with Sir James Dewar, he invented cordite. This stable explosive, made of wood fibre, nitric acid and glycerine, had the vital advantage of being a "smokeless powder", which meant that, unlike the traditional ammunition propellant, gunpowder ("black powder"), the firer's position was not given away when the weapon was discharged. Although much of the preliminary work had been done by the Frenchman Paul Vieille, it was Abel who perfected it, with the result that cordite quickly became the British Army's standard explosive.Abel married, and was widowed, twice. He had no children, but died heaped in both scientific honours and those from a grateful country.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsGrand Commander of the Royal Victorian Order 1901. Knight Commander of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath 1891 (Commander 1877). Knighted 1883. Created Baronet 1893. FRS 1860. President, Chemical Society 1875–7. President, Institute of Chemistry 1881–2. President, Institute of Electrical Engineers 1883. President, Iron and Steel Institute 1891. Chairman, Society of Arts 1883–4. Telford Medal 1878, Royal Society Royal Medal 1887, Albert Medal (Society of Arts) 1891, Bessemer Gold Medal 1897. Hon. DCL (Oxon.) 1883, Hon. DSc (Cantab.) 1888.Bibliography1854, with C.L.Bloxam, Handbook of Chemistry: Theoretical, Practical and Technical, London: John Churchill; 2nd edn 1858.Besides writing numerous scientific papers, he also contributed several articles to The Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1875–89, 9th edn.Further ReadingDictionary of National Biography, 1912, Vol. 1, Suppl. 2, London: Smith, Elder.CMBiographical history of technology > Abel, Sir Frederick August
-
16 Atwood, George
SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping[br]b. 1746 Englandd. July 1807 London, England[br]English mathematician author of a theory on ship stability.[br]Atwood was educated at Westminster School and entered Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1765 with a scholarship. He graduated with high honours (third wrangler) in 1796, and went on to become a fellow and tutor of his college. In 1776 he was elected Fellow of the Royal Society. Eight years later, William Pitt the Younger (1759–1806) appointed him a senior officer of the Customs, this being a means of reimbursing him for the arduous and continuing task of calculating the national revenue. As a lecturer he was greatly renowned and his abilities as a calculator and as a musician were of a high order.In the late 1790s Atwood presented a paper to the Royal Society that showed a means of obtaining the righting lever on a ship inclined from the vertical; this was a major step forward in the study of ship stability. Among his other inventions was a machine to exhibit the accelerative force of gravity.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS 1776.Further ReadingA.M.Robb, 1952, Theory of Naval Architecture, London: Charles Griffin (for a succinct description of the various factors in ship stability, and the importance of Atwood's contribution).FMW -
17 Camm, Sir Sydney
[br]b. 5 August 1893 Windsor, Berkshire, Englandd. 12 March 1966 Richmond, Surrey, England[br]English military aircraft designer.[br]He was the eldest of twelve children and his father was a journeyman carpenter, in whose footsteps Camm followed as an apprentice woodworker. He developed an early interest in aircraft, becoming a keen model maker in his early teens and taking a major role in founding a local society to this end, and in 1912 he designed and built a glider able to carry people. During the First World War he worked as a draughtsman for the aircraft firm Martinsyde, but became increasingly involved in design matters as the war progressed. In 1923 Camm was recruited by Sopwith to join his Hawker Engineering Company as Senior Draughtsman, but within two years had risen to be Chief Designer. His first important contribution was to develop a method of producing metal aircraft, using welded steel tubes, and in 1926 he designed his first significant aircraft, the Hawker Horsley torpedo-bomber, which briefly held the world long-distance record before it was snatched by Charles Lindbergh in his epic New York-Paris flight in 1927. His Hawker Hart light bomber followed in 1928, after which came his Hawker Fury fighter.By the mid-1930s Camm's reputation as a designer was such that he was able to wield significant influence on the Air Ministry when Royal Air Force (RAF) aircraft specifications were being drawn up. His outstanding contribution came, however, with the unveiling of his Hawker Hurricane in 1935. This single-seater fighter was to prove one of the backbones of the RAF during 1939–45, but during the war he also designed two other excellent fighters: the Tempest and the Typhoon. After the Second World War Camm turned to jet aircraft, producing in 1951 the Hawker Hunter fighter/ground-attack aircraft, which saw lengthy service in the RAF and many other air forces. His most revolutionary contribution was the design of the Harrier jump-jet, beginning with the P.1127 prototype in 1961, followed by the Kestrel three years later. These were private ventures, but eventually the Government saw the enormous merit in the vertical take-off and landing concept, and the Harrier came to fruition in 1967. Sadly Camm, who was on the Board of Sopwith Hawker Siddeley Group, died before the aircraft came into service. He is permanently commemorated in the Camm Memorial Hall at the RAF Museum, Hendon, London.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsCBE 1941. Knighted 1953. Associate Fellow of the Royal Aeronautical Society 1918, Fellow 1932, President 1954–5, Gold Medal 1958. Daniel Guggenheim Medal (USA) 1965.Further ReadingAlan Bramson, 1990, Pure Luck: The Authorized Biography of Sir Thomas Sopwith, 1888–1989, Wellingborough: Patrick Stephens (provides information about Camm and his association with Sopwith).Dictionary of National Biography, 1961–70.CM -
18 Daguerre, Louis Jacques Mandé
SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics[br]b. 18 November 1787 Carmeilles-en-Parisis, Franced. 10 July 1851 Petit-Bry-sur-Marne, France[br]French inventor of the first practicable photographic process.[br]The son of a minor official in a magistrate's court, Daguerre showed an early aptitude for drawing. He was first apprenticed to an architect, but in 1804 he moved to Paris to learn the art of stage design. He was particularly interested in perspective and lighting, and later showed great ingenuity in lighting stage sets. Fascinated by a popular form of entertainment of the period, the panorama, he went on to create a variant of it called the diorama. It is assumed that he used a camera obscura for perspective drawings and, by purchasing it from the optician Chevalier, he made contact with Joseph Nicéphore Niepce. In 1829 Niepce and Daguerre entered into a formal partnership to perfect Niepce's heliographic process, but the partnership was dissolved when Niepce died in 1833, when only limited progress had been made. Daguerre continued experimenting alone, however, using iodine and silver plates; by 1837 he had discovered that images formed in the camera obscura could be developed by mercury vapour and fixed with a hot salt solution. After unsuccessfully attempting to sell his process, Daguerre approached F.J.D. Arago, of the Académie des Sciences, who announced the discovery in 1839. Details of Daguerre's work were not published until August of that year when the process was presented free to the world, except England. With considerable business acumen, Daguerre had quietly patented the process through an agent, Miles Berry, in London a few days earlier. He also granted a monopoly to make and sell his camera to a Monsieur Giroux, a stationer by trade who happened to be a relation of Daguerre's wife. The daguerreotype process caused a sensation when announced. Daguerre was granted a pension by a grateful government and honours were showered upon him all over the world. It was a direct positive process on silvered copper plates and, in fact, proved to be a technological dead end. The future was to lie with negative-positive photography devised by Daguerre's British contemporary, W.H.F. Talbot, although Daguerre's was the first practicable photographic process to be announced. It captured the public's imagination and in an improved form was to dominate professional photographic practice for more than a decade.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsOfficier de la Légion d'honneur 1839. Honorary FRS 1839. Honorary Fellow of the National Academy of Design, New York, 1839. Honorary Fellow of the Vienna Academy 1843. Pour le Mérite, bestowed by Frederick William IV of Prussia, 1843.Bibliography14 August 1839, British patent no. 8,194 (daguerrotype photographic process).The announcement and details of Daguerre's invention were published in both serious and popular English journals. See, for example, 1839 publications of Athenaeum, Literary Gazette, Magazine of Science and Mechanics Magazine.Further ReadingH.Gernsheim and A.Gernsheim, 1956, L.J.M. Daguerre (the standard account of Daguerre's work).—1969, The History of Photography, rev. edn, London (a very full account).J.M.Eder, 1945, History of Photography, trans. E. Epstean, New York (a very full account).JWBiographical history of technology > Daguerre, Louis Jacques Mandé
-
19 Gilbert, Joseph Henry
SUBJECT AREA: Agricultural and food technology[br]b. 1 August 1817 Hull, Englandd. 23 December 1901 England[br]English chemist who co-established the reputation of Rothampsted Experimental Station as at the forefront of agricultural research.[br]Joseph Gilbert was the son of a congregational minister. His schooling was interrupted by the loss of an eye as the result of a shooting accident, but despite this setback he entered Glasgow University to study analytical chemistry, and then went to University College, London, where he was a fellow student of John Bennet Lawes. During his studies he visited Giessen, Germany, and worked in the laboratory of Justus von Liebig. In 1843, at the age of 26, he was hired as an assistant by Lawes, who was 29 at that time; an unbroken friendship and collaboration existed between the two until Lawes died in 1900. They began a series of experiments on grain production and grew plots under different applications of nitrogen, with control plots that received none at all. Much of the work at Rothampsted was on the nitrogen requirements of plants and how this element became available to them. The grain grown in these experiments was analyzed to determine whether nitrogen input affected grain quality. Gilbert was a methodical worker who by the time of his death had collected together some 50,000 carefully stored and recorded samples.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1893. FRS 1860. Fellow of the Chemistry Society 1841, President 1882–3. President, Chemical Section of the British Association 1880. Sibthorpian Professor of Rural Economy, Oxford University, 1884. Honorary Professor of the Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester. Honorary member of the Royal Agricultural Society of England 1883. Royal Society Royal Medal 1867 (jointly with Lawes). Society of Arts Albert Gold Medal 1894 (jointly with Lawes). Liebig Foundation of the Royal Bavarian Academy of Science Silver Medal 1893 (jointly with Lawes).AP -
20 Lister, Joseph, Baron Lister
SUBJECT AREA: Medical technology[br]b. 5 April 1827 Upton, Essex, Englandd. 10 February 1912 Walmer, Kent, England[br]English surgeon, founder of the antiseptic and aseptic principles of surgical practice.[br]Of Quaker stock, his father also being a Fellow of the Royal Society, he studied medicine at University College, London. He qualified, and became a Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons, in 1852. Wishing to pursue a surgical career, he moved to Edinburgh to study surgery under William Syme, whose daughter he married in 1852, the same year he was appointed Assistant Surgeon to the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary.Until his appointment as Regius Professor of Surgery at Glasgow University and Glasgow Royal Infirmary in 1861, he was engaged in a wide variety of investigations into the nature of inflammation and the effects of irritants on wounds. Following his move to Glasgow, he became particularly involved in the major problems arising out of the vast increase in the number of surgical procedures brought about by the recent introduction of general anaesthesia. By 1865 his continuing study of wound inflammation and the microbial studies of Pasteur had led him to institute in the operating theatre a regime of surgical antisepsis involving the use of a carbolic acid spray coupled with the sterilization of instruments, the site of operation and the hands of the operator. Increasingly it was appreciated that the air was the least important origin of infection, and by 1887 the antiseptic approach had been superseded by the aseptic.In 1869 he succeeded Syme in the Chair at Edinburgh and his methods were widely accepted abroad. In 1877 he moved to the Chair of Surgery at King's College Hospital, London, in the hope of encouraging acceptance of his work in the metropolis. As well as developing a variety of new surgical procedures, he was engaged for many years in the development of surgical ligatures, which had always been a potent stimulant of infection. His choice of catgut as a sterilizable, absorbable material paved the way for major developments in this field. The Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine was named in his honour in 1903.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsCreated Baronet 1883. Baron 1897. Order of Merit 1902. President, Royal Society 1895– 1900.Bibliography1870, "On the effects of the antiseptic system of treatment upon the salubrity of a surgical hospital", Lancet.1859, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society.1863, Croonian Lecture.1881, 1900, Transactions of the International Medical Congress.Further ReadingR.J.Godlee, 1924, Lord Lister.1927, Lister Centenary Handbook, London: Wellcome Historical Medical Museum. H.C.Cameron, 1948, Joseph Lister, the Friend of Man.MGBiographical history of technology > Lister, Joseph, Baron Lister
См. также в других словарях:
fellow — Ⅰ. fellow UK US /ˈfeləʊ/ adjective [before noun] ► used to describe someone who has the same job or interests as you, or is in the same situation as you: »A member of staff was sacked for stealing from fellow employees. Ⅱ. fellow UK US /ˈfeləʊ/… … Financial and business terms
Fellow — This article is about the personal title or position. For the emulator, see Fellow (computing). A fellow in the broadest sense is someone who is an equal or a comrade. The term fellow is also used to describe a person, particularly by those in… … Wikipedia
Research fellow — The title of research fellow is used to denote an academic research position at a university or similar institution. A research fellow may act as independent investigator, or under the supervision of a principal investigator. In contrast to a… … Wikipedia
literature — /lit euhr euh cheuhr, choor , li treuh /, n. 1. writings in which expression and form, in connection with ideas of permanent and universal interest, are characteristic or essential features, as poetry, novels, history, biography, and essays. 2.… … Universalium
performing arts — arts or skills that require public performance, as acting, singing, or dancing. [1945 50] * * * ▪ 2009 Introduction Music Classical. The last vestiges of the Cold War seemed to thaw for a moment on Feb. 26, 2008, when the unfamiliar strains … Universalium
MEDICINE AND LAW — This article is arranged according to the following outline: introduction Judicial Decision – A Value Determination the values of a jewish and democratic state in the image of god PHYSICIAN S DUTIES AND PATIENTS RIGHTS the physician and the judge … Encyclopedia of Judaism
Hierarchy of the Early Church — • The word hierarchy is used here to denote the three grades of bishop, priest, and deacon (ministri) Catholic Encyclopedia. Kevin Knight. 2006. Hierarchy of the Early Church Hierarchy of the Early Church … Catholic encyclopedia
Christianity — /kris chee an i tee/, n., pl. Christianities. 1. the Christian religion, including the Catholic, Protestant, and Eastern Orthodox churches. 2. Christian beliefs or practices; Christian quality or character: Christianity mixed with pagan elements; … Universalium
United States — a republic in the N Western Hemisphere comprising 48 conterminous states, the District of Columbia, and Alaska in North America, and Hawaii in the N Pacific. 267,954,767; conterminous United States, 3,022,387 sq. mi. (7,827,982 sq. km); with… … Universalium
biblical literature — Introduction four bodies of written works: the Old Testament writings according to the Hebrew canon; intertestamental works, including the Old Testament Apocrypha; the New Testament writings; and the New Testament Apocrypha. The Old… … Universalium
Germany — /jerr meuh nee/, n. a republic in central Europe: after World War II divided into four zones, British, French, U.S., and Soviet, and in 1949 into East Germany and West Germany; East and West Germany were reunited in 1990. 84,068,216; 137,852 sq.… … Universalium